Sample Essay
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This essay answers some questions related to Challenger Expedition. Capt James Cook perfected the aspect of practical navigation and position fixing as well as charting the sea bed and coasts of many unknown areas, while the first physical oceanographer was the American Matthew Fontaine Maury.
- 1. What were the contributions of James Cook, Matthew Maury, and the Challenger Expedition to our understanding of the ocean?
Capt James Cook perfected the aspect of practical navigation and position fixing as well as charting the sea bed and coasts of many unknown areas, while the first physical oceanographer was the American Matthew Fontaine Maury. He was determined to analyze the ships’ drift and weather reports enclosed in the log books of US naval and commercial shipping. The resulting atlas of currents and wind patterns was of great value to. The book “Physical Geography of the Sea” by Maury in 1855 is the primary oceanographic text.
it was not until the Challenger expedition of 1872-1876 that the era of modern oceanic investigation initiates. With a instructions from the Royal Society to examine:
i) physical situation of the deep sea
ii) chemical composition of seawater at all depths
iii) characteristics of sea floor deposits and their source
iv) distribution of life forms at all depths including on the sea bed
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